Electric driving has become the main direction for the upgrading and green development of the global automotive industry. After more than 20 years of arduous cultivation, China’s automotive industry has achieved a certain first-mover advantage in the transformation toward electrification, and the scale of the new energy vehicle industry is leading globally. At the same time, different types of automotive energy supply methods such as hybrid power, pure electrification, and hydrogen fuel cells continue to emerge and develop. Therefore, accelerating the clarification of the supply mode of automotive energy in China under the background of electrification has important guiding significance for industrial development. This article starts with the positive significance of the electrification transformation in the automotive industry, summarizes the current development status and challenges of China’s automotive industry under the background of electrification, and deeply analyzes the technical characteristics of different types of automotive energy supply methods. Finally, after analyzing the development path of automotive energy supply, it proposes development suggestions for automotive energy sources under the background of electrification.