After over half a century of rapid development, the geometrical scaling of transistors predicted by Moore’s law has approached the quantum physics limits, and the information society is entering the post-Moore era. Cutting-edge research on relevant fields has already been carried out, and new concepts such as beyond-Moore devices, in-sensor computing, and neuromorphic computing have emerged one after another. The number of new materials, devices, and technologies are all growing, and their broad prospects are demonstrated in emerging areas including big data, internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence (AI). This article reviews the development progress of core post-Moore device technologies and the challenges they confront, summarizes the future development trends and application prospects, and put forward some suggestions accordingly.