Quantum computing is undergoing a critical transition from laboratory research to industrial application, poised to exert a profound impact on future information technology systems. Through an in-depth analysis of the upstream and downstream industrial chain of quantum computing, this study reveals that while China still faces certain technological bottlenecks and supply chain risks in upstream segments—specifically in key equipment, core materials, and specialized components—the pace of indigenous R&D and substitution is accelerating significantly. The downstream industrial ecosystem has been initially established, with quantum computing cloud platforms currently serving as the primary service model. In the long term, algorithm services and scenario-specific applications demonstrate substantial potential. The research indicates that China needs to elevate quantum computing to the strategic level of an emerging key industry for systematic planning. Efforts should focus on breakthroughs in upstream core technologies to achieve autonomy and controllability, while concurrently fostering a software and application ecosystem centered on cloud platforms. By strengthening coordination across the entire industry chain, China can seize the initiative in the global quantum technology competition and guide industrial development.

Quantum computing, a pivotal frontier steering the new wave of technological and industrial transformation, necessitates a clear assessment of China’s technological posture and precise strategic planning to secure global scientific and technological competitiveness. This paper examined the international quantum computing technology development landscape and evaluated China’s advancements in this field. Findings indicate that after a decade of rapid development, China has joined the global forefront, leading in photon approaches. Nevertheless, it still trails the U.S. in most fields and requires improvement at the level of fundamental principles and original innovation. The study further underscores external dependencies for China in core materials and equipment, coupled with a shortage of high-level talent. On this basis, the paper proposed a series of measures aimed at strengthening independent innovation and optimizing the talent strategy, providing decision-making references for China to seize the commanding heights in the quantum field in the future.