Carbon materials are indispensable as electrode materials or key components in energy storage and conversion devices. However, traditional carbon materials suffer from simple structure, massive defects, and disordered texture, which restrict the performance of related devices, making it difficult to meet the rapid development of the new energy and electric vehicle industries. To address the above issues, this review proposed the concept and design principle of micro-nano superstructured carbon. By nanocomposite structure, ordered design, and function-oriented assembly, carbon materials with hierarchical pores, multi-scale networks, and multi-component interfaces across nano-micro-macro scales were constructed. In addition, micro-nano superstructured carbon featuring precise customization, hierarchical order, thick and dense connectivity, and multiphase coupling was obtained. The research progress in the application of micro-nano superstructured carbon materials in energy storage and conversion devices in China and abroad was reviewed, covering key fields such as lithium/sodium ion batteries, supercapacitors, solid-state batteries, aqueous batteries, and hydrogen energy conversion technology. In addition, the future development direction and application mode of carbon materials for energy storage were introduced.