离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议

doi:10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002

前瞻科技 ›› 2025, Vol. 4 ›› Issue (4): 21-33.DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002

离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议

马剑宇¹(), 吴宇恺²^,³, 张弛¹, 梅全鑫¹, 连文倩¹, 蔡明磊¹, 赵文定¹, 毛志超¹, 姚麟¹, 杨蒿翔¹^,^†(), 段路明²^,³^,⁴^,^†()

¹ 华翊博奥（北京）量子科技有限公司，北京 100176
² 清华大学交叉信息研究院，北京 100084
³ 合肥国家实验室，合肥 230088
⁴ 新基石科学实验室，北京 100084

收稿日期:2025-01-22 修回日期:2025-09-12 出版日期:2025-12-20 发布日期:2025-12-30
通讯作者: †
作者简介:马剑宇，博士。华翊博奥（北京）量子科技有限公司光控模块负责人。主要从事基于离子阱的量子计算研究工作，在国际上首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术，为大规模离子量子计算提供了全新的思路。主导离子阱量子计算机光控系统的研发，深度参与了多代离子阱量子计算机商业化原型机的研发工作，实现了原型机核心关键指标的突破。电子信箱：majianyu@hyqubit.com。
杨蒿翔，高级工程师。华翊博奥（北京）量子科技有限公司首席技术官。全国量子计算与测量标准化技术委员会委员。主要从事量子模拟与量子计算研究，在国际上首次在接近热力学极限的系统中观察到量子动力学相变的清晰信号，首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术。入选中关村U30 2024年度优胜者榜单。在Nature Physics、Nature Communications等学术期刊上发表高水平学术论文10余篇，授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱：yanghx@hyqubit.com。
段路明，中国科学院院士，量子物理学家。中国科学院量子信息重点实验室副主任。美国物理学会会士。主要从事量子计算机和量子网络研究，提出实现长距离量子网络的量子中继方案，被国际同行誉为“DLCZ”（Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller）方案。荣获中国科学院院长特别奖、全国优秀博士学位论文、饶毓泰基础光学奖、霍英东教育基金会高等院校青年教师（研究类）奖、中国科学院自然科学奖二等奖、国家自然科学奖二等奖、2004年美国斯隆研究奖、2005年海外华人物理学会杰出研究奖等奖项；入选中国科学院“百人计划”。在Physical Review Letters、Nature、Science等学术期刊发表论文180余篇，共被引用30 000余次。电子信箱：lmduan@tsinghua.edu.cn。
基金资助:
国家科技创新2030重大项目(2021ZD0301601);新基石科学基金会(新基石研究员);北京市科技计划(Z241100004224034);北京市科技计划(Z251100000425007);北京市“高创计划”青年人才托举工程

Progress and suggestions on ion trap quantum computing and its scaling research

MA Jianyu¹(), WU Yukai²^,³, ZHANG Chi¹, MEI Quanxin¹, LIAN Wenqian¹, CAI Minglei¹, ZHAO Wending¹, MAO Zhichao¹, YAO Lin¹, YANG Haoxiang¹^,^†(), DUAN Luming²^,³^,⁴^,^†()

¹ Huayi Boao Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
² Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
³ Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
⁴ New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Beijing 100084, China

Received:2025-01-22 Revised:2025-09-12 Online:2025-12-20 Published:2025-12-30
Contact: †

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

量子叠加性与量子纠缠使量子计算在特定复杂问题领域相对于经典计算展现出显著的加速效果。离子阱是当前实现通用量子计算最为领先的物理平台之一，其已在小规模系统中实现了保真度与精度超越容错阈值的量子操控，如量子态制备与测量、通用量子逻辑门等。如何实现离子量子计算的规模化是该领域重要的研究方向之一。文章概述了量子并行计算原理、量子计算发展历程，从硬件架构及计算原理两方面详细论述了离子量子计算的基本原理和相应进展；介绍了当前离子量子计算研究中主流的规模化方案及其限制因素，如离子输运、离子-光子量子网络方案，探讨了二维离子阵列等新的规模化方案；从技术和产业层面给出了推动量子计算加速发展的建议。

关键词: 离子量子计算, 量子叠加性与量子纠缠, 离子阱, 规模化, 二维离子阵列

Abstract:

Benefiting from quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, quantum computing offers significant computational speedup over classical counterparts for certain classes of complex problems. Ion trap is one of the leading physical platforms for realizing universal quantum computing. High-fidelity elementary quantum operations above the fault-tolerant threshold in small-scale systems have been demonstrated, such as state preparation and measurement, and universal quantum gates. Scaling trapped-ion systems to larger qubit counts while maintaining high fidelity is a central challenge and a key research direction toward practical quantum computing. This article begins with an overview of the principles of quantum parallel computing and historical development of quantum computing, which is followed by a comprehensive discussion of the foundational concepts and recent progress in ion trap quantum computing from the perspectives of hardware architecture and computing principles. Then, it focuses on the critical issue of scaling, reviewing mainstream approaches such as ion transport and ion-photon quantum networks, along with their current limitations. Furthermore, it explores emerging strategies for scaling, including the development of two-dimensional ion crystal. Finally, the article provides recommendations to accelerate the advancement of quantum computing from both technological and industrial perspectives.

Key words: ion trap quantum computing, quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, ion trap, scaling, two-dimensional ion crystal

马剑宇, 吴宇恺, 张弛, 梅全鑫, 连文倩, 蔡明磊, 赵文定, 毛志超, 姚麟, 杨蒿翔, 段路明. 离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议[J]. 前瞻科技, 2025, 4(4): 21-33.

MA Jianyu, WU Yukai, ZHANG Chi, MEI Quanxin, LIAN Wenqian, CAI Minglei, ZHAO Wending, MAO Zhichao, YAO Lin, YANG Haoxiang, DUAN Luming. Progress and suggestions on ion trap quantum computing and its scaling research[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025, 4(4): 21-33.

图/表 4

图1 离子量子计算机硬件组成示意注：DC：Direct current，直流电压；RF：Radio Frequency，射频电压；Vcos(ωrft)为射频电压值，表示电压值随时间振荡；V为幅值；ωrf为角频率；t为时间。

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of hardware components of ion trap quantum computer

图2 清华大学研究组实现的包含约500离子的二维量子比特阵列[4]

Fig. 2 A 2D ion crystal with about 500 ions at Tsinghua University[4]

图3 利用一对正交放置的AOD进行二维离子晶格的独立寻址操控[53] 注：AOD1（AOD1′）和AOD2（AOD2′）分别负责两个方向的寻址；${\mathit{k}}_{1}\left({\mathit{k}}_{1}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right)$和${\mathit{k}}_{2}\left({\mathit{k}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right)$为施加于AOD1（AOD1′）和AOD2（AOD2′）上的射频信号的波矢。

Fig. 3 Individual addressing and manipulation of 2D ion crystal using a pair of cross-placed AODs[53]

图4 171Yb+离子的双重量子比特编码方案[57] 注：编码在S1/2和F7/2超精细能级上的量子比特共振频率不同，相互之间串扰误差显著小于容错阈值，并且利用411 nm和3 432 nm的双色激光可以进行S-量子比特和F-量子比特之间的快速相干转换。

Fig. 4 Dual-type qubit scheme for ytterbium-171 ions[57]

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离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议

Progress and suggestions on ion trap quantum computing and its scaling research

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