The ocean, covering about 71% of the earth’s surface, is closely related to global climate change and carbon cycles and is an important link in global carbon cycles, water cycles, and energy cycles. This paper analyzes the relationship between carbon cycles and the marine environment such as ocean color, ocean dynamics, and ocean geology. It summarizes the main methods and means of marine environmental element detection and the present situation and typical applications of satellite ocean remote sensing in China. By the guiding ideology of “improving accuracy, expanding coverage, increasing timeliness, and filling gaps”, the development planning suggestions of China’s satellite ocean remote sensing system are put forward for comprehensive carbon management. It also combs the key technologies that need to be broken through in the construction of China’s satellite ocean remote sensing system. In this way, this study can provide a reference for constructing China’s satellite ocean remote sensing system, performing comprehensive global carbon management, and maintaining the sustainable development of the global ecological environment and human activity.