The vast expanse of the ocean floor holds abundant and crucial mineral resources vital for the advancement of human civilization. Thoughtful exploitation presents a significant opportunity to bolster the growth of China’s strategic emerging sectors. Long-distance pipeline style is the primary technical method for delivering these deep-sea mineral resources from the ocean floor to the surface. The extreme conditions of the deep sea, coupled with the complex requirements for medium transport, result in significant shortcomings in the efficiency and reliability of the existing mineral pipeline systems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in deep-sea mineral resource transportation technology, both domestically and internationally. It examines the technical challenges of deep-sea long-distance mineral resources transportation in three main aspects: The marine pipelines, slurry pumps, and overall transport system. The article anticipates future progress in the design theories and technologies of the slurry system, the development of anti-clogging, wear-resistant and adjustable slurry pumps and valves, and the establishment of an environmentally friendly and cost-effective intelligent regulation model. Furthermore, it offers recommendations for strengthening basic research on complex multiphase medium transport, promoting full-depth engineering testing and application of the marine pipelines, advancing fluid dynamics design and transportation standards for deep-sea slurry transport, and continuously fostering the localization of fluid simulation analysis software.