The stable operation of the energy supply chain is the foundation to ensure the normal operation of society and economic development, and it is an important component of national security. Therefore, improving the resilience and security of the energy supply chain is an important task facing the global energy market. As the core link of the energy supply chain, pipeline transportation plays an irreplaceable role in enhancing the resilience and security of the energy supply chain. This article introduced the construction scale of China’s oil and gas pipeline facilities, discussed the influence of pipeline transportation in the fossil energy supply chain, and explored the competitive relationship between pipeline transportation and other transportation modes. At the same time, it explained how pipeline transportation could improve the resilience and security of the energy supply chain, as well as its importance and application in supply chain management. Subsequently, it discussed the technical requirements and challenges faced by traditional oil and gas pipeline transportation. It was suggested to enhance the resilience and security of the energy supply chain by coordinating the layout planning of the energy supply chain, strengthening the construction of energy supply chain hub stations, promoting the construction of a national energy supply chain transportation platform, and improving the scientific system of the energy supply chain. By strengthening the role of pipeline transportation in the planning and construction of the comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network and the collaborative support of the integrated energy network system, the flexibility, service resilience, security, and reliability of China’s energy system can be effectively improved, and the stability and security of overall energy supply can be guaranteed.