Quantum computing is a profound revolution in the fields of information and computing poised to reshape the future paradigm of computation. This paper first traced the four developmental stages of quantum computing, from its theoretical origins and algorithmic breakthroughs to the current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. It also systematically elaborated on the core physical principles such as qubits, superposition, and entanglement. Subsequently, the paper detailed and compared the major hardware technology routes, including superconducting systems, ion traps, photonics, and neutral atoms, analyzing their respective trade-offs in terms of scale, quality, and connectivity. Building on this, the paper delved into the three core challenges facing quantum computing: combating environmental noise and decoherence, implementing high-overhead quantum error correction, and overcoming the engineering bottlenecks of system scalability. The paper further focused on the industrialization process and analyzed the development models of quantum computing cloud platforms, emphasizing the quantum and classical hybrid computing architecture, which is evolving from loosely-coupled models towards quantum-high performance computing (HPC) hybrid. This is identified as a critical path toward achieving practical quantum advantage. Finally, based on global trends and China’s national context, the paper put forward several development recommendations. These include establishing fault tolerance as a long-term goal, promoting the synergistic development of the hardware and software ecosystem, and accelerating the implementation of a quantum-HPC hybrid, aiming to provide a reference for the nation’s strategic planning in this field.