Quantum computing, a pivotal frontier steering the new wave of technological and industrial transformation, necessitates a clear assessment of China’s technological posture and precise strategic planning to secure global scientific and technological competitiveness. This paper examined the international quantum computing technology development landscape and evaluated China’s advancements in this field. Findings indicate that after a decade of rapid development, China has joined the global forefront, leading in photon approaches. Nevertheless, it still trails the U.S. in most fields and requires improvement at the level of fundamental principles and original innovation. The study further underscores external dependencies for China in core materials and equipment, coupled with a shortage of high-level talent. On this basis, the paper proposed a series of measures aimed at strengthening independent innovation and optimizing the talent strategy, providing decision-making references for China to seize the commanding heights in the quantum field in the future.