High-speed maglev is currently the fastest system in the land transportation, with advantages such as safety, convenience, efficiency, and environmental protection. It has unique advantages in long-distance passenger and freight transportation. As a new modern rail transit technology matching with high-speed wheel and rail, the high-speed maglev transportation technology will play an important role in the strategy of making China a country with strong transportation. This paper briefly describes the strategic significance of developing high-speed maglev transportation technology in China, the development overview of high-speed maglev transportation technology at home and abroad, and the formation process of technical standards for China’s high-speed maglev transportation system. It elucidates the characteristics of the EMS type room-temperature conductivity high-speed maglev transportation system and analyzes its environmental impact and energy consumption. It discusses the opportunities and challenges for the current development of high-speed maglev transportation in China, and puts forward development suggestions for China’s high-speed maglev transportation system.