Road transportation system is the lifeline of the national economy and social development. Enhancing the resilience of the road transportation system is a key initiative to build a livable and resilient smart city. As urbanization accelerates, the interwoven complexities of extraordinary events become more pronounced in cities, encompassing a heightened frequency of natural disasters, mega-events, and public security incidents. These factors collectively underscore a pressing need for enhancing resilient road transportation systems. This paper provides an overview of the concept of road transportation system resilience and summarizes the three stages of global development in road transportation resilience, including the introduction of the concept, policy support, and technical application. Through the analysis of traffic demand in road planning, design, control, operation, and maintenance, this paper identifies the key challenges of resilience enhancement technology in four areas: system resilience planning system, multidimensional resilience assessment, dynamic deduction and evolutionary mechanisms, and emergency organization and collaborative management. Finally, the prospects of China’s road transportation resilience enhancement technology are proposed: Strengthening top-level planning and integrated design of resilient transportation, investigating core scientific issues and key technologies, perfecting laws and regulations and publishing technical standards and norms for resilience enhancement, demonstrating of the typical cities on the ground.