Under the dual impetus of global carbon neutrality goals and energy security strategies, nanowire energy storage materials and devices have emerged as a pivotal engine driving the development of next-generation high-performance energy storage technologies, owing to their unique structural advantages and performance scalability. This article systematically summarized the groundbreaking advancements of nanowire materials in fields such as energy storage batteries and flexible and micro-nano energy storage devices and highlighted their critical value in strategic scenarios including rapid response in new power systems, autonomous energy supply for flexible electronics, and high energy density requirements in low-altitude economies. Furthermore, to address challenges such as the lack of multi-physics field coupling regulation mechanisms, unclear multi-particle collaborative transport mechanisms, and contradictions in cross-scale functional integration, the article proposed the establishment of a synergistic innovation system encompassing “fundamental theory, device engineering, and industrial ecology.” By leveraging multi-field coupled in-situ characterization, external field synergistic manufacturing, and data-driven research paradigms, the article aims to facilitate the transition of technology from laboratory to industrialization, thereby providing strategic support for securing a leading position in global energy storage technology.