The remarkable achievements in motorization and road construction in China have attracted worldwide attention. However, the road traffic safety situation in China is not optimistic. The number of fatalities per ten thousand road accidents is higher than that in most developing countries, and there is a frequent occurrence of severe and extremely severe traffic accidents. The development process of road traffic safety theories and technical systems in China and abroad is deeply analyzed, and aiming at the overall goal of becoming a transportation powerhouse, this paper reviews the technical bottlenecks, development needs, and potential challenges in the field of road traffic system safety research in China. It proposes an architecture for enhancing the intrinsic safety of the road traffic system, focusing on the key technologies requiring breakthroughs to enhance the intrinsic safety of the road traffic system. It also provides relevant recommendations for the future development of enhancing the intrinsic safety of the road traffic system in China.