In 2002, China carried out the construction and operation of the Shanghai Maglev Train Demonstration Operation Line and gained much experience in operation and maintenance. From “the 10th Five-Year Plan” to “the 13th Five-Year Plan” period, China continued to carry out independent innovation through four “Five-Year Plan” national high-speed maglev technology special projects, completed the development of a high-speed maglev engineering prototype of 600 km/h, and conducted the ground functional test of the subsystem, high-speed simulation evaluation of test platform, and low-speed function verification of line conditions. This paper systematically introduces the research progress of high-speed maglev transportation in China from “the 10th Five-Year Plan” to “the 13th Five-Year Plan” period, elaborates on the engineering practices of key technology innovation and system verification of high-speed maglev transportation of 600 km/h, and analyzes the development needs and technical challenges of high-speed maglev transportation in China. Based on the experience of maglev transportation in China and abroad and the development of China’s high-speed railways, it is suggested to clarify the subject playing a leading role, form a consortium to jointly promote the development of maglev transportation, carry out high-speed test and verification in an orderly manner, and speed up the progress of test line planning and construction. It is also necessary to strengthen basic theoretical research and continuously build a high-speed maglev basic research and continuous engineering innovation capability system.