跨流域调水工程水生态环境影响研究现状与展望

doi:10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

建设跨流域调水工程是世界上解决水资源分配不均的重要手段之一。文章通过对国内外的跨流域调水工程进行介绍，总结了跨流域调水工程造成的水生态环境影响，包括对常规水质指标、溶解性有机物、水体富营养化和水体污染物的水环境影响，以及对生物入侵和生物多样性的水生态影响。梳理了水生态结构研究方法，为从生态结构机理方面进一步探究提供了理论基础。提出了跨流域调水工程的水生态学研究趋势和发展建议。

关键词: 调水工程, 水生态, 生态结构, 食物网, 生态技术

Abstract:

The construction of inter-basin water diversion projects is one of the important means to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in the world. This article introduces inter-basin water diversion projects at home and abroad and summarizes the water ecological and environmental impacts caused by inter-basin water diversion projects, including the water environmental impacts on conventional water quality indicators, dissolved organic matter, water eutrophication, and water pollutants, as well as the water ecological impacts on biological invasion and biodiversity. It sorts out the research methods of water ecological structure, providing a theoretical basis for further exploration from the perspective of ecological structure mechanism. Finally, it puts forward the research trends and development suggestions of water ecology in inter-basin water diversion projects.

Key words: water diversion project, water ecology, ecological structure, food web, ecological technology

石展耀, 霍守亮. 跨流域调水工程水生态环境影响研究现状与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2025, 4(3): 29-41.

SHI Zhanyao, HUO Shouliang. Research Status and Prospect of Water Ecological and Environmental Impacts of Inter-basin Water Diversion Projects[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025, 4(3): 29-41.

图/表 5

参考文献 69

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调水工程	调水起点	调水终点	主要作用
科罗拉多河—大汤普逊河调水工程	科罗拉河上游	大汤普逊河	解决科罗拉多州东部地区长期干旱缺水的问题
澳大利亚雪山调水工程	澳大利亚东部雪河	墨累河、蒂莫特河	解决电力、粮食和畜产品需求增加的问题
美国加州北水南调工程	费瑟河	佩里斯湖	解决加州南北水资源分布不均的问题
苏联东水西调工程	阿姆渡河和锡尔河	咸海	支持苏联在中亚地区的棉花种植
巴基斯坦西水东调工程	印度河、杰赫勒姆河和杰纳布河	萨特莱杰河、比阿斯河和拉维河	解决巴印水资源短缺问题，促进经济发展，减少国际争端等
加拿大魁北克调水工程	卡尼亚皮斯科河和伊斯特梅恩河	拉格朗德河	满足加拿大魁北克省的电力需求，并将剩余电力出口到美国东北部地区
以色列北水南调工程	以色列东北部的加利利海	以色列中南部内格夫沙漠	解决以色列南部地区的水资源短缺问题，利于农业种植
引滦入津工程	河北迁西县大黑汀水库	天津芥园、凌庄、新开河3个水厂	解决天津水源短缺问题，改善水质
引黄济青工程	黄河下游	青岛河东水厂	解决青岛水资源短缺的问题，促进青岛的工农业发展
中国南水北调工程中线	汉江中上游的丹江口水库	北京团城湖和天津外环河	为河南、河北、北京和天津等省市提供生产生活和工农业用水
中国南水北调工程东线	江苏扬州江都水利枢纽	山东米山水库、大屯水库，天津北大港水库	缓解天津、山东和河北等地水资源短缺
牛栏江—滇池补水工程	云南德泽水库	滇池	改善滇池水环境和水资源条件，并具备为昆明市应急供水的能力
滇中引水工程	丽江石鼓镇望城坡金沙江	红河州新坡背	改善滇中地区的水资源状况，促进区域经济社会发展
引江济太工程	长江	太湖	增加太湖水资源供给，改善水环境及提高水体自净能力
引江济淮工程	长江	淮河	城乡供水、航道建设、灌溉补水和改善生态环境等

调水工程	调水起点	调水终点	主要作用
科罗拉多河—大汤普逊河调水工程	科罗拉河上游	大汤普逊河	解决科罗拉多州东部地区长期干旱缺水的问题
澳大利亚雪山调水工程	澳大利亚东部雪河	墨累河、蒂莫特河	解决电力、粮食和畜产品需求增加的问题
美国加州北水南调工程	费瑟河	佩里斯湖	解决加州南北水资源分布不均的问题
苏联东水西调工程	阿姆渡河和锡尔河	咸海	支持苏联在中亚地区的棉花种植
巴基斯坦西水东调工程	印度河、杰赫勒姆河和杰纳布河	萨特莱杰河、比阿斯河和拉维河	解决巴印水资源短缺问题，促进经济发展，减少国际争端等
加拿大魁北克调水工程	卡尼亚皮斯科河和伊斯特梅恩河	拉格朗德河	满足加拿大魁北克省的电力需求，并将剩余电力出口到美国东北部地区
以色列北水南调工程	以色列东北部的加利利海	以色列中南部内格夫沙漠	解决以色列南部地区的水资源短缺问题，利于农业种植
引滦入津工程	河北迁西县大黑汀水库	天津芥园、凌庄、新开河3个水厂	解决天津水源短缺问题，改善水质
引黄济青工程	黄河下游	青岛河东水厂	解决青岛水资源短缺的问题，促进青岛的工农业发展
中国南水北调工程中线	汉江中上游的丹江口水库	北京团城湖和天津外环河	为河南、河北、北京和天津等省市提供生产生活和工农业用水
中国南水北调工程东线	江苏扬州江都水利枢纽	山东米山水库、大屯水库，天津北大港水库	缓解天津、山东和河北等地水资源短缺
牛栏江—滇池补水工程	云南德泽水库	滇池	改善滇池水环境和水资源条件，并具备为昆明市应急供水的能力
滇中引水工程	丽江石鼓镇望城坡金沙江	红河州新坡背	改善滇中地区的水资源状况，促进区域经济社会发展
引江济太工程	长江	太湖	增加太湖水资源供给，改善水环境及提高水体自净能力
引江济淮工程	长江	淮河	城乡供水、航道建设、灌溉补水和改善生态环境等

取样层次	技术发展	主要特点
水样	Niskin瓶无人机技术自动取水	低采样成本、高保存成本、低运输成本，运输过程中的降解不利于DNA保存。适合短距离、少点位采样
滤膜	背包式Smith-Root eDNA过滤器环境样本处理器背包式现场水生eDNA采样套装 Tri-mode eDNA采集器水下自动取样器水下自助机器人Clio与Supr采集器 Dartmouth Ocean Technologies Inc.公司的eDNA采样器大容量 eDNA采样器自动基因采集器原位自主生物采集器多点原位核酸采集器被动吸附	极大地降低了运输负担，更利于DNA的保存，但仍需要运输滤膜，不能实时监测等。适合长距离、多点位采样
基因序列	环境样本处理器背包式DNA检测仪+手持式定量聚合酶链式反应（Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, qDCR）设备自主微生物传感器集成原位基因分析仪基于牛顿纳米孔技术的移动实验室	几乎没有运输样品的负担，可以连续监测，但是造价昂贵。适合需要连续监测的点位

取样层次	技术发展	主要特点
水样	Niskin瓶无人机技术自动取水	低采样成本、高保存成本、低运输成本，运输过程中的降解不利于DNA保存。适合短距离、少点位采样
滤膜	背包式Smith-Root eDNA过滤器环境样本处理器背包式现场水生eDNA采样套装 Tri-mode eDNA采集器水下自动取样器水下自助机器人Clio与Supr采集器 Dartmouth Ocean Technologies Inc.公司的eDNA采样器大容量 eDNA采样器自动基因采集器原位自主生物采集器多点原位核酸采集器被动吸附	极大地降低了运输负担，更利于DNA的保存，但仍需要运输滤膜，不能实时监测等。适合长距离、多点位采样
基因序列	环境样本处理器背包式DNA检测仪+手持式定量聚合酶链式反应（Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction, qDCR）设备自主微生物传感器集成原位基因分析仪基于牛顿纳米孔技术的移动实验室	几乎没有运输样品的负担，可以连续监测，但是造价昂贵。适合需要连续监测的点位

方法	优点	缺点
生物调研^[51]	数据准确、全面、有时效性	部分生物（如鱼类）难以调研、数据可能具有强的主观性
eDNA^[52]	对水体的DNA有较全面的概括	数据量需根据相对丰度进行调研
文献调研^[53]	便于搜集总结资料	数据的准确性存疑
经验估计^[54]	能根据部分已有的资料进行估计	数据的代表性存疑
模型计算^[55]	根据少量数据进行计算	模型的代表性存疑
同位素^[56]	较为准确、方便	无法表征生物量